PPO, GRPO, and Related Algorithms

Last updated: Jan 4, 2026

Authors: Ziyi ZENG, Wei Fu, Honghua DONG, Bruce Wu, Bruce Li

This document covers a family of PPO-like reinforcement learning algorithms for LLM training, including:

• Vanilla PPO

• GRPO (DeepSeekMath): Paper

• Dr.GRPO: Paper

• LitePPO: Paper

• RLOO: Paper

• DAPO: Paper

• SAPO: Paper

• GSPO (Qwen3): Paper, Blog

These algorithms share the same base objective but differ in their normalization strategies, clipping mechanisms, importance sampling levels, etc. By adjusting a few configuration parameters in AReaL, you can switch between different algorithms.

Example Usage

All algorithms use the same launcher pattern. We recommend modifying parameters in the configuration YAML file.

Backend	Command
local	python3 -m areal.launcher.local examples/math/gsm8k_rl.py --config examples/math/gsm8k_<algo>.yaml
ray	python3 -m areal.launcher.ray examples/math/gsm8k_rl.py --config examples/math/gsm8k_<algo>.yaml
slurm	python3 -m areal.launcher.slurm examples/math/gsm8k_rl.py --config examples/math/gsm8k_<algo>.yaml

Replace <algo> with: ppo, grpo, drgrpo, liteppo, rloo, gspo, dapo_dynamic_bs, or sapo.

Switching Algorithms via CLI Overrides

You can also switch algorithms by overriding configuration parameters:

# Dr.GRPO from GRPO config
python3 -m areal.launcher.local examples/math/gsm8k_rl.py \
  --config examples/math/gsm8k_grpo.yaml \
  actor.adv_norm.mean_level=group \
  actor.adv_norm.std_level=null

# GSPO from GRPO config
python3 -m areal.launcher.local examples/math/gsm8k_rl.py \
  --config examples/math/gsm8k_grpo.yaml \
  +actor.importance_sampling_level=sequence

# SAPO from GRPO config
python3 -m areal.launcher.local examples/math/gsm8k_rl.py \
  --config examples/math/gsm8k_grpo.yaml \
  +actor.use_sapo_loss=true \
  +actor.sapo_tau_pos=1.0 \
  +actor.sapo_tau_neg=1.05 \
  actor.use_decoupled_loss=false

Note: Use + prefix when adding keys not present in the original YAML.

Core Configuration Parameters

All configurations are defined in areal/api/cli_args.py under PPOActorConfig and NormConfig. See CLI configurations for full details.

Reward and Advantage Normalization (actor.reward_norm and actor.adv_norm)

The NormConfig dataclass controls how rewards and advantages are normalized:

Parameter	Type	Options	Description
mean_level	str | None	"batch", "group", None	Level at which to compute mean for centering
std_level	str | None	"batch", "group", None	Level at which to compute std for scaling
mean_leave1out	bool	true, false	Use leave-one-out average (exclude current sample)
std_unbiased	bool	true, false	Use unbiased std computation (default: true)
eps	float	-	Small constant to avoid division by zero (default: 1e-5)
group_size	int	-	Group size for group-level normalization

“Batch” level computes the mean/std across the global batch, while “group” level computes them within groups (e.g., trajectories sharing the same prompt). For group-level normalization, group_size must be specified. Setting mean_level or std_level to None skips mean subtraction or standard deviation scaling, respectively.

If the entire field is omitted (e.g., adv_norm: null in YAML), no normalization is performed.

Example:

actor:
  adv_norm: null
  reward_norm:
    mean_level: group
    std_level: group
    group_size: ${gconfig.n_samples}

AReaL Default Practice: The default configuration uses std_level: batch for advantage normalization. This has been the AReaL team’s standard practice across diverse RL applications, from game AI (StarCraft) to LLM training (RLHF, reasoning, agentic settings). While Dr.GRPO recommends std_level: null for potentially improved performance, we retain std_level: batch for backward compatibility. Users seeking Dr.GRPO-style behavior should set actor.adv_norm.std_level=null.

Clipping Strategy (actor.eps_clip*)

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
eps_clip	float	0.2	Lower clipping bound: ratio clipped to [1-eps_clip, ...]
eps_clip_higher	float | None	None	Upper clipping bound: when set, ratio clipped to [1-eps_clip, 1+eps_clip_higher]

When eps_clip_higher is None, symmetric clipping is used: \(\text{clip}(r, 1-\epsilon, 1+\epsilon)\).

When eps_clip_higher is set (DAPO-style), asymmetric clipping is used: \(\text{clip}(r, 1-\epsilon_{\text{low}}, 1+\epsilon_{\text{high}})\).

Importance Sampling Level (actor.importance_sampling_level)

Parameter	Type	Options	Description
importance_sampling_level	str	"token", "sequence"	Level at which to compute importance ratios

• "token" (default): Standard per-token importance ratios (GRPO, PPO, etc.)

• "sequence" (GSPO): Sequence-level geometric mean of per-token ratios

Algorithm Configuration Matrix

The following table shows how to configure each algorithm by setting the appropriate parameters:

Algorithm	adv_norm.mean_level	adv_norm.std_level	adv_norm.mean_leave1out	importance_sampling_level	Special
PPO	batch	batch	false	token	critic model.
GRPO	batch	batch	false	token	-
Dr.GRPO	group	null	false	token	-
LitePPO	group	batch	false	token	-
RLOO	group	null	true	token	-
GSPO	batch	batch	false	sequence	-
DAPO	batch	batch	false	token	asymmetric clip, dynamic sampling
SAPO	batch	batch	false	token	use_sapo_loss=true

Note: The “GRPO” row reflects the original DeepSeekMath formulation. AReaL’s default GRPO config uses these settings but with length normalization already removed (see AReaL Implementation Notes).

Algorithm-Specific Options

Vanilla PPO

Vanilla PPO uses a learned value function (critic) to estimate advantages via GAE. The key configuration difference is that it requires a critic: configuration section with its own model and optimizer.

See examples/math/gsm8k_ppo.yaml for a complete configuration example.

GRPO

\[\begin{split} J_{\text{GRPO}}(\theta) = \mathbb{E}_{\substack{q \sim P(Q),\\ \{o_i\}_{i=1}^G \sim \pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(O|q)}} \left[ \frac{1}{G} \sum_{i=1}^G \sum_{t=1}^{|o_i|} \min\left( r_{i,t}(\theta) \hat{A}_{i,t},\ \text{clip}\left( r_{i,t}(\theta),\ 1-\epsilon,\ 1+\epsilon \right) \hat{A}_{i,t} \right) - \beta D_{\mathrm{KL}}\left[ \pi_\theta \middle| \pi_{\text{ref}} \right] \right] \end{split}\]

where:

\[ r_{i,t}(\theta) = \frac{\pi_\theta(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,<t})}{\pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,<t})}, \quad \hat{A}_{i,t} = \frac{r_i - \text{mean}(\{r_i\}_{i=1}^G)}{\text{std}(\{r_i\}_{i=1}^G)}. \]

RLOO (REINFORCE Leave-One-Out)

RLOO estimates the baseline by averaging rewards of other sampled responses (excluding the current one). This is achieved by setting actor.adv_norm.mean_leave1out=true.

\[\begin{split} J_{\text{RLOO}}(\theta) = \mathbb{E}_{\substack{q \sim P(Q),\\ \{o_i\}_{i=1}^G \sim \pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(O|q)}} \left[ \frac{1}{G} \sum_{i=1}^G \frac{1}{|o_i|} \sum_{t=1}^{|o_i|} \min\left( r_{i,t}(\theta) \hat{A}_{i,t},\ \text{clip}\left( r_{i,t}(\theta),\ 1-\epsilon,\ 1+\epsilon \right) \hat{A}_{i,t} \right) \right] \end{split}\]

where:

\[ \hat{A}_{i,t} = r_{i} - \frac{1}{G-1} \sum_{j\neq i} r_{j}. \]

GSPO (Group Sequence Policy Optimization)

GSPO computes importance sampling ratios at the sequence level rather than the token level.

Standard PPO (token-level):

\[ r_{i,t}(\theta) = \frac{\pi_\theta(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,<t})}{\pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,<t})} \]

GSPO (sequence-level):

\[ r_i(\theta) = \exp\left(\frac{1}{|o_i|}\sum_{t=1}^{|o_i|} \log\frac{\pi_\theta(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,<t})}{\pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(o_{i,t} \mid q, o_{i,<t})}\right) \]

SAPO (Soft Adaptive Policy Optimization)

SAPO replaces PPO’s hard clipping with soft sigmoid gates, providing smooth gradients and asymmetric control.

Standard PPO:

\[ L^{\text{PPO}} = -\mathbb{E}_t[\min(r_t A_t, r_t^{\text{clip}} A_t)] \]

SAPO (with soft gates):

• For positive advantages: \(g_t^+ = \frac{4}{\tau_{\text{pos}}} \sigma(\tau_{\text{pos}} (r_t - 1))\)

• For negative advantages: \(g_t^- = \frac{4}{\tau_{\text{neg}}} \sigma(\tau_{\text{neg}} (r_t - 1))\)

• Loss: \(L^{\text{SAPO}} = -\mathbb{E}_t[g_t A_t]\) where \(g_t = g_t^+\) if \(A_t > 0\), else \(g_t^-\)

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
actor.use_sapo_loss	bool	false	Enable SAPO loss instead of PPO clipping
actor.sapo_tau_pos	float	1.0	Temperature for positive advantages
actor.sapo_tau_neg	float	1.05	Temperature for negative advantages

Note: SAPO requires actor.use_decoupled_loss=false.

actor:
  use_sapo_loss: true
  sapo_tau_pos: 1.0
  sapo_tau_neg: 1.05
  use_decoupled_loss: false

DAPO

DAPO introduces asymmetric clipping and dynamic sampling, which excludes samples where all responses are uniformly correct or incorrect.

\[\begin{split} J_{\text{DAPO}}(\theta) = \mathbb{E}_{\substack{(q,a) \sim \mathcal{D}, \\ \{o_i\}_{i=1}^G \sim \pi_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(o|q)}} \left[ \frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}^G |o_i|} \sum_{i=1}^G \sum_{t=1}^{|o_i|} \min\left( r_{i,t}(\theta) \hat{A}_{i,t}, \text{clip}\left( r_{i,t}(\theta), 1-\epsilon_{\text{low}}, 1+\epsilon_{\text{high}} \right) \hat{A}_{i,t} \right) \right] \end{split}\]

where \(\hat{A}_{i,t}\) is the group-normalized advantage and \(r_{i,t}(\theta)\) is the token-level policy ratio.

Asymmetric clipping parameters:

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
actor.eps_clip	float	0.2	Lower clipping bound
actor.eps_clip_higher	float	-	Upper clipping bound (set to enable asymmetric)

Overlong penalty parameters:

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
actor.overlong_reward_penalty	bool	false	Enable penalty for overlong responses
actor.overlong_tokens	int	-	Number of tail tokens considered overlong
actor.overlong_penalty_factor	float	-	Penalty factor applied to overlong responses

Dynamic sampling:

AReaL supports dynamic sampling via a dynamic_filter_fn passed to PPOTrainer.train(). This function receives grouped trajectories sampled from the same prompt and returns a boolean indicating whether to accept them for training:

trainer.train(
    workflow=...,
    dynamic_filter_fn=lambda x: 0 < x["rewards"].mean() < 1
)

By default, AReaL uses a fixed batch size with dynamic filtering—it waits until batch_size accepted samples are collected before training. This differs from some DAPO implementations that use dynamic batch sizing, which collect an entire batch of samples and then filter them. The following option controls batch sizing behavior:

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
dynamic_bs	bool	false	Enable dynamic batch sizing

Core Concepts

Rewards: AReaL assumes outcome-based rewards. Each trajectory, which may consist of concatenated LLM input-output pairs, is assigned a single scalar reward at the sequence level rather than at the token level.

Advantages: AReaL computes per-token advantages for each output token in the trajectory. The PPO algorithm treats the outcome reward as the reward for the last token, with all preceding tokens receiving a reward of 0. AReaL then applies standard discounting and TD-error back-propagation via Generalized Advantage Estimation (GAE) along the token trajectory to compute the advantage of each token. When the discount factor is 1, the advantage values equal the outcome reward and are effectively broadcast to every token in the trajectory.

AReaL Implementation Notes

AReaL’s GRPO implementation differs from the original DeepSeekMath paper in two key ways:

Length Normalization: AReaL removes the per-token length normalization term from the original GRPO objective. This aligns with recommendations from Dr.GRPO and eliminates bias in advantage estimation.

KL Regularization: Instead of adding a KL divergence term directly to the objective function, AReaL incorporates KL regularization into the advantage estimation (PPO-style). The KL penalty is computed via KLEstimator and added to the per-token rewards before GAE computation, controlled by the actor.kl_ctl parameter.